Muscles of thorax from "summary" of Bd Chaurasia's Human Anatomy, Volume 1 by B. D. Chaurasia
The muscles of the thorax are classified into two groups: muscles of the thoracic wall and muscles of the respiratory diaphragm. The muscles of the thoracic wall comprise the external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal muscles, innermost intercostal muscles, subcostal muscles, and transversus thoracis muscles. These muscles are located in the intercostal spaces between adjacent ribs and play a crucial role in respiration by elevating and depressing the ribs during inspiration and expiration. The external intercostal muscles are the most superficial muscles of the thoracic wall and are oriented in a caudal and lateral direction. These muscles are more prominent in the anterior part of the thorax and are involved in elevating the ribs during forced inspiration. The internal intercostal muscles lie deep to the external intercostal muscles and are oriented in a cranial and lateral direction. These muscles assist in depressing the ribs during forced expiration. The innermost intercostal muscles are located deep to the internal intercostal muscles and have a similar orientation. These muscles are involved in the depressor action of the ribs during expiration. The subcostal muscles are situated on the inner surface of the lower ribs and assist in depressing the ribs during forced expiration. The transversus thoracis muscles are located on the inner surface of the anterior thoracic wall and play a role in depressing the ribs during expiration. The respiratory diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It consists of a central tendon and peripheral muscular parts. The central tendon is a thin, aponeurotic sheet that lacks muscle fibers and is attached to the muscular parts. The muscular parts of the diaphragm include the sternal part, costal part, and lumbar part. These parts contract during inspiration to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and facilitate the entry of air into the lungs.- The muscles of the thorax are essential for the process of respiration and play a significant role in breathing. Understanding the anatomy and function of these muscles is crucial for comprehending the mechanics of breathing and the maintenance of respiratory function.
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