Internal energy changes relate to heat and work from "summary" of Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics by Herbert B. Callen
The concept of internal energy changes in a system is intimately connected to the concepts of heat and work. When a system undergoes a process, its internal energy changes as a result of the transfer of energy into or out of the system in the form of heat and/or work. Heat is the transfer of energy between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. When heat flows into a system, it increases the internal energy of the system, causing its temperature to rise. On the other hand, when heat flows out of a system, its internal energy decreases, leading to a decrease in temperature. Work, on the other hand, is the transfer of energy between a system and its surroundings due to a non-temperature-related mechanism, such as compression or expansion. When work is done on a system, its internal energy ...
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