Work can be done on or by a system from "summary" of Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics by Herbert B. Callen
When considering the concept of work in thermodynamics, it is important to understand that work can be either done on a system or by a system. This distinction is crucial in the analysis of energy transfers and transformations within a thermodynamic system. When work is done on a system, it means that external forces are acting upon the system to cause a change in its state or properties. This work input can result in a variety of effects, such as increasing the internal energy of the system, changing its volume, or altering its pressure. In essence, work done on a system represents the energy transferred to the system from its surroundings. On the other hand, when work is done by a system, it means that the system is exerting forces on its surroundings to cause a change in the external environment. This work output can manifest in different forms, such as mechanical work, electrical work, or even chemica...
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