Phase transitions reflect energy changes from "summary" of Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics by Herbert B. Callen
When a system undergoes a phase transition, such as from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas, there is typically a change in the energy of the system. This change in energy is reflected in the form of heat flow into or out of the system. For example, when ice melts into water, heat must be added to the ice in order to break the bonds holding the solid together and allow the molecules to move more freely. This added heat is reflected in the increase in temperature of the system during the phase transition. Conversely, when water vapor condenses into liquid water, heat is released from the system as the molecules come closer together and form stronger intermolecular bonds. This release of heat is reflected in a decrease in temperature during the phase transition. In both cases, the energy changes associated with the phase transition are a direc...
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