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Hormones influence brain development and behavior differences between males and females from "summary" of The Psychology of Sex Differences by Eleanor E. Maccoby,Carol Nagy Jacklin

Hormones play a crucial role in influencing brain development and behavior differences between males and females. These biological chemicals act as messengers in the body, regulating various processes and functions. One of their key functions is in shaping the development of the brain, which in turn influences behavior. During prenatal development, the exposure to different levels of hormones can lead to structural and functional differences in the brain between males and females. For example, the presence of higher levels of testosterone in males has been linked to the development of male-typical brain structures and functions. These differences can impact various aspects of behavior, such as aggression, spatial abilities, and language skills. In addition to prenatal hormone exposure, hormones continue to play a role in brain development throughout the lifespan. For instance, during puberty, the surge of sex hormones can further influence brain development and behavioral differences between males and females. This hormonal influence can contribute to the emergence of gender-specific behaviors and preferences during adolescence. Moreover, research has shown that hormones can also affect the neurotransmitter systems in the brain, which play a crucial role in regulating mood, cognition, and behavior. For example, estrogen has been found to influence the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation. These hormonal effects on neurotransmitter systems can contribute to differences in emotional responses and behavior between males and females.
  1. The interplay between hormones, brain development, and behavior is complex and multifaceted. Understanding the role of hormones in shaping sex differences in brain structure and function can provide valuable insights into the origins of gender-specific behaviors and traits. By examining the intricate relationship between hormones and brain development, researchers can gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the differences between males and females in behavior and cognition.
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The Psychology of Sex Differences

Eleanor E. Maccoby

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