Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states from "summary" of The Periodic Table: A Very Short Introduction by Eric R. Scerri
Transition metals are a unique group of elements that exhibit a fascinating property known as variable oxidation states. Unlike most other elements on the periodic table, transition metals are capable of existing in multiple oxidation states, meaning they can lose different numbers of electrons depending on the chemical reaction they are involved in. This ability to change oxidation states gives transition metals a remarkable degree of flexibility in forming compounds and participating in reactions. The variable oxidation states of transition metals are a direct result of their electron configurations. Transition metals have partially filled d orbitals, which allows them to easily lose electrons and transition between different oxidation states. This flexibility is what makes transition metals such important components in many biological processes, industrial ap...
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