Drug interactions and adverse effects from "summary" of Chemistry for Pharmacy Students by Lutfun Nahar,Professor Satyajit D. Sarker
When different drugs are taken together, they can interact with each other in various ways. These interactions can affect the way drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. Drug interactions can result in decreased effectiveness of one or both drugs, increased risk of side effects, or new adverse effects that were not present when the drugs were taken individually. One type of drug interaction is pharmacokinetic interaction, which involves changes in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of drugs. For example, one drug may inhibit the metabolism of another drug, leading to increased levels of the second drug in the body. This can result in toxicity or other adverse effects. On the other hand, one drug may induce the metabolism of another drug, reducing its effectiveness. Another type of drug interaction is pharmacodynamic interaction, which involves changes in the way drugs interact with their target receptors or enzymes in the body. For example, two drugs that have similar effects on the same receptor may have additive or synergistic effects when taken together. Conversely, two drugs that have opposite effects on the same receptor may cancel each other out, leading to reduced effectiveness of one or both drugs. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of potential drug interactions when prescribing medications to patients. They should consider factors such as the patient's medical history, age, gender, and concurrent use of other medications when assessing the risk of drug interactions. Healthcare professionals should also educate patients about the importance of informing them about all the medications, including over-the-counter drugs, herbal supplements, and vitamins, they are taking to avoid potential drug interactions. In addition to drug interactions, patients may also experience adverse effects from taking medications. Adverse effects are unintended, harmful effects that occur when a drug is used at normal doses for its intended purpose. Adverse effects can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening conditions. Some adverse effects are predictable based on the drug's mechanism of action, while others are idiosyncratic and unpredictable. Common adverse effects of medications include gastrointestinal upset, dizziness, drowsiness, rash, and allergic reactions. Some drugs may also have specific adverse effects that are unique to them, such as weight gain, sexual dysfunction, or organ toxicity. Patients should be informed about the possible adverse effects of their medications so that they can seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.- Understanding drug interactions and adverse effects is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure the safe and effective use of medications. By taking appropriate precautions
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