Thermal stress can result from temperature changes in materials from "summary" of Stress and Strain by Winthrop Dickinson Means
When materials are subjected to changes in temperature, they may experience thermal stress. This phenomenon occurs because different materials expand or contract at different rates when exposed to temperature variations. The resulting stress can cause deformation or even structural failure in the material. The temperature-induced stress in a material is essentially a result of the material's attempt to maintain its shape and integrity in response to thermal expansion or contraction. As the material heats up, its molecules vibrate more rapidly and push against each other, causing the material to expand. Conversely, when the material cools down, the molecules slow down and move closer together, leading to contraction. In cases where a material is constrained from expanding or contracting freely, such as being sandwiched between two rigid surfaces, thermal stress can build up within the material. This build-up of stress can lead to cracking, warping, or other forms of damage to the material. The magnitude of thermal stress experienced by a material is determined by several factors, including the temperature change, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material, and the material's geometry and boundary conditions. Materials with higher coefficients of thermal expansion are more susceptible to thermal stress, as they undergo greater dimensional changes with temperature variations. It is important for engineers and designers to consider thermal stress in materials when designing structures or components that will be exposed to temperature changes. By accounting for the effects of thermal stress, they can ensure the longevity and safety of the materials in use.
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