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Emotions arise from inadequate ideas from "summary" of Spinoza: Ethics by Benedictus de Spinoza

The essence of human emotions lies in the realm of ideas - specifically, inadequate ideas. When our minds fail to grasp a complete understanding of a situation or object, we are left with gaps in our knowledge that give rise to various emotions. These emotions are not arbitrary, but rather, they stem directly from the limitations of our understanding. Spinoza argues that when we encounter something that we do not fully comprehend, our minds instinctively fill in the blanks with assumptions and interpretations that may not align with reality. These misconceptions lead to a distortion of our perceptions, clouding our judgment and giving rise to emotions such as fear, anger, or sadness. Furthermore, o...
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    Spinoza: Ethics

    Benedictus de Spinoza

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