Evolutionary relationships can be studied through comparative anatomy and molecular biology from "summary" of NCERT Exemplar Problems-Solutions BIOLOGY class 12th by Arihant Experts
To understand evolutionary relationships, scientists often turn to comparative anatomy and molecular biology. Comparative anatomy involves studying the similarities and differences in the structures of organisms. By examining the anatomical features of different species, scientists can infer how closely related they are and how they have evolved over time. For example, if two species have similar bone structures or organs, it suggests that they share a common ancestor. On the other hand, if two species have distinct anatomical features, it indicates that they have evolved separately. By comparing the anatomy of various species, scientists can create phylogenetic trees that show the evolutionary relationships between them. Molecular biology, on the other hand, involves studying the genetic material of organisms. By comparing the DNA sequences or protein structures of different species, scientists can determine how closely related they are. Similarities in the genetic makeup of organisms indicate a shared evolutionary history, while differences suggest divergent evolutionary paths. For instance, if two species have a high degree of similarity in their DNA sequences, it implies that they are closely related. Conversely, if two species have significant differences in their genetic material, it indicates that they have evolved separately. By analyzing the molecular data of various species, scientists can construct phylogenetic trees that illustrate their evolutionary relationships.- The combination of comparative anatomy and molecular biology provides a comprehensive approach to studying evolutionary relationships. By examining both the anatomical structures and genetic makeup of organisms, scientists can gain valuable insights into how species have evolved and diverged over time.
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