Utterances can have different types of functions from "summary" of How to Do Things with Words by John Langshaw Austin,J. L. Austin
In examining the nature of utterances, it becomes apparent that they can serve various functions beyond simply conveying information. Utterances can be used to perform an act, such as making a promise or giving an order, rather than just describing a state of affairs. This shift in perspective allows us to see language as a form of action rather than just a means of representation. By categorizing utterances based on their performative functions, we can better understand the ways in which language shapes our interactions with others and the world around us. For example, a statement like "I promise to be there on time" not only describes a future event but also commits the speaker to a course of action. In this way, language has the power to bring about change in the world through the performance of speech acts. Furthermore, the success of a performative utterance depends on its context and the speaker's authority to perform the act in question. For instance, a judge can declare a couple married in a courtroom, but a random stranger cannot. This highlights the importance of social conventions and institutional frameworks in determining the efficacy of speech acts. Additionally, the felicity conditions of an utterance must be met for it to be considered successful. These conditions include factors such as the sincerity of the speaker, the appropriateness of the context, and the understanding of the audience. Without these conditions being fulfilled, the performative force of an utterance may be lost.- The concept of different types of functions in utterances allows us to see language not just as a tool for communication but as a powerful instrument for influencing the world around us. By recognizing the performative nature of speech acts and the conditions that govern their success, we gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which language shapes our interactions and relationships.
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