Mathematical models can be opaque from "summary" of Weapons of Math Destruction by Cathy O'Neil
The concept of opacity in mathematical models is a crucial one to grasp. When we say that a model is opaque, we mean that it is difficult for an outsider to understand how it reaches its conclusions. This lack of transparency can be dangerous, as it opens the door for all sorts of biases and errors to creep in unnoticed. One reason why models can be opaque is their complexity. Many mathematical models are highly intricate, involving countless variables and equations. When you're dealing with such a complex system, it can be nearly impossible for a layperson to make sense of how it works. This complexity is compounded by the fact that many models are proprietary, meaning that their inner workings are closely guarded secrets. Another factor that contributes to opacity is the use of black box algorithms. These algorithms operate in a way that is completely hidden from view, making it impossible to trace how they arrive at their decisions. This lack of transparenc...
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