Discrimination can occur at both individual and systemic levels from "summary" of The Economics of Poverty and Discrimination by Bradley R. Schiller
Discrimination can manifest itself in different forms and at various levels within society. At the individual level, discrimination occurs when a person is treated unfairly based on certain characteristics such as race, gender, or age. This type of discrimination is often the result of personal biases or prejudices that individuals hold towards others who are different from them. For example, an employer may choose not to hire a qualified candidate simply because of their race, even though they possess all the necessary skills and qualifications for the job. On the other hand, discrimination can also occur at a systemic level, where entire institutions or systems perpetuate unfair treatment towards certain groups of people. This type of discrimination is more ingrained in the structure of society and can be seen in policies, practices, and norms that consistently disadvantage certain individuals or groups. For instance, systemic discrimination can be observed in the unequal access to education or healthcare based on socioeconomic status, which perpetuates cycles of poverty and inequality. It is important to recognize that discrimination can exist at both individual and systemic levels simultaneously, creating a complex web of factors that contribute to inequality and injustice. Addressing discrimination requires a multi-faceted approach that involves changing individual attitudes and behaviors, as well as reforming institutional practices and policies. By understanding the different levels at which discrimination operates, society can work towards creating a more equitable and inclusive environment for all individuals, regardless of their background or characteristics.
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