Stress concentrations can lead to failure in materials from "summary" of Stress and Strain by Winthrop Dickinson Means
Stress concentrations can arise in materials due to various factors, such as abrupt changes in geometry, cracks, notches, or changes in material properties. These areas of localized stress can lead to premature failure of the material, even when the overall stress level is below the material's ultimate strength. When a material is subjected to external loads, the stress is distributed throughout the material. However, at stress concentration points, the stress is significantly higher than the average stress in the material. This localized increase in stress can weaken the material and make it more susceptible to failure. One way to understand stress concentrations is to consider a simple example of a notch in a material. When a material with a notch is loaded, the stress at the tip of the notch...
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