Urbanization and industrialization challenged traditional magical beliefs from "summary" of Religion and the Decline of Magic by Keith Thomas
The shift towards urbanization and industrialization during the early modern period had a profound impact on traditional magical beliefs. As societies became more urbanized and industrialized, people were increasingly exposed to new ideas and technologies that challenged their long-held superstitions and magical practices. The rapid growth of cities meant that individuals were no longer isolated within small, close-knit communities where magical beliefs could thrive unquestioned. Instead, they were now part of a larger, more cosmopolitan society where traditional beliefs were often viewed with skepticism and even ridicule. Furthermore, the rise of industrialization brought with it a new emphasis on rationality and scientific thinking. As people began to rely more on machines and technology to solve their problems, the need for magical solutions diminished. The scientific advancements of the time also helped to demystify many natural phenomena that had previously been attributed to supernatural causes. For example, the discovery of the germ theory of disease provided a rational explanation for illnesses that had once been seen as the result of curses or witchcraft. In addition, the growth of cities and industries led to a more impersonal and bureaucratic society, where traditional magical beliefs and practices were often seen as backward and primitive. The rise of organized religions such as Christianity also played a role in challenging magical beliefs, as they offered alternative explanations for the workings of the natural world and the role of supernatural forces.- The process of urbanization and industrialization during the early modern period posed a direct challenge to traditional magical beliefs. As people became more educated and exposed to new ideas, they began to question the superstitions and practices that had once been an integral part of their lives. The shift towards a more rational and scientific worldview meant that traditional magical beliefs were no longer able to provide satisfactory explanations for the complexities of the modern world.
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