Energy is transferred in living organisms through various metabolic pathways from "summary" of NCERT Solutions - Biology for Class 12th by Dr. Madhurbhashini,Sargam Hans,Shanya Hans
Living organisms rely on various metabolic pathways to transfer energy within their bodies. These pathways involve complex biochemical reactions that convert nutrients into usable energy for different cellular functions. One of the key pathways involved in energy transfer is cellular respiration, which occurs in both plants and animals. In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, which is the primary energy currency in cells. This process involves multiple steps, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Each step in the pathway releases energy that is used to generate ATP molecules. Another important metabolic pathway for energy transfer is photosynthesis, which is unique to plants and some bacteria. In photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in chloroplasts and is crucial for providing energy to the plant and producing oxygen as a byproduct. In addition to cellular respiration and photosynthesis, organisms also rely on other metabolic pathways to transfer energy. For example, plants store excess glucose as starch or cellulose, which can be broken down later to release energy. Animals store energy in the form of glycogen in their muscles and liver, which can be broken down when needed.- The transfer of energy through various metabolic pathways is essential for the survival of living organisms. These pathways ensure that cells have a constant supply of energy to carry out essential functions such as growth, reproduction, and maintenance. By understanding these pathways, scientists can develop new ways to improve energy efficiency and address challenges related to energy production and consumption.
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