Gene expression is regulated by transcription and translation from "summary" of NCERT Exemplar Problems-Solutions BIOLOGY class 12th by Arihant Experts
The process of gene expression is crucial for the functioning of living organisms. It involves the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA and the subsequent translation of RNA into proteins. These two processes, transcription and translation, play a significant role in regulating gene expression. Transcription is the first step in gene expression where a specific segment of DNA is transcribed into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. This RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The transcription process is tightly regulated by various factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, and repressors. These regulatory elements control when and where a gene is transcribed, thus influencing gene expression. Once the mRNA is transcribed, it undergoes translation, where the genetic information carried by the mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to synthesize proteins. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are joined together to form a protein. The process of translation is also highly regulated, with factors such as initiation factors, elongation factors, and release factors controlling the synthesis of proteins. The regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels ensures that the right genes are expressed at the right time and in the right amounts. This regulation is essential for the proper functioning of cells and organisms, as it allows them to respond to internal and external signals, adapt to changing environments, and maintain homeostasis.- Gene expression is a highly complex and tightly regulated process that involves the coordination of transcription and translation. By controlling gene expression, cells can produce the proteins they need to carry out their functions and respond to various stimuli. This regulation is crucial for the survival and development of all living organisms.
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