Actions judged by moral maxims from "summary" of Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant
When we consider the moral worth of an action, we must not focus solely on the consequences or outcomes that result from it. Instead, we should examine the underlying principle or maxim upon which the action is based. In other words, the moral value of an action lies not in its consequences, but in the principle that guides it. For example, if someone helps a friend in need out of a sense of duty or compassion, their action is deemed morally praiseworthy because it is motivated by a universal moral principle. On the other hand, if someone helps a friend only because they expect a favor in return, their action lacks moral worth because it is based on self-interest rather than universal principles. In judging the moral worth of actions, we must also consider whether the principle behind the action could be applied universally without leading to contradictions or undermining the moral law. This is known as the categorical imperative, which dictates that we should act only according to maxims that we can will to become universal laws. For instance, if lying were to become a universal law, trust and communication would break down, rendering the very concept of lying meaningless. Therefore, lying cannot be morally justified according to the categorical imperative. Furthermore, when we act in accordance with moral maxims, we are not simply following arbitrary rules or guidelines imposed by society or religion. Instead, we are acknowledging and respecting the inherent dignity and autonomy of every individual. By treating others as ends in themselves rather than as means to an end, we uphold the fundamental principle of morality. This means that we should never use or manipulate others for our own gain, but rather consider their own needs and interests as equal to our own.- The moral worth of actions is determined by the principles or maxims that guide them. By following universal moral principles and considering the inherent dignity of every individual, we uphold the fundamental principles of morality and promote a just and ethical society.
