Intermolecular forces are weak attractions between molecules from "summary" of Chemistry Simplified NCERT Class 11 by Sanjay Sharma
Intermolecular forces play a crucial role in determining the physical properties of substances. These forces are weak attractions that exist between molecules. They are responsible for holding molecules together and influencing the behavior of substances in different states of matter. Due to the relatively weak nature of intermolecular forces, they are easily overcome by external factors such as temperature and pressure. There are different types of intermolecular forces that operate between molecules. These include London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. London dispersion forces are the weakest of the three and are present in all molecules. They result from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution within molecules, leading to the formation of temporary dipoles. Dipole-dipole interactions, on the other hand, occur between polar molecules where the positive and negative ends of the molecules are attracted to each other. This results in stronger intermolecular forces compared to London dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonding is the strongest type of intermolecular force and occurs when hydrogen is bonded to highly electronegative atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. The strength of intermolecular forces has a direct impact on the physical properties of substances. Substances with stronger intermolecular forces tend to have higher boiling points, melting points, and viscosity. They also exhibit a greater degree of surface tension and are less volatile compared to substances with weaker intermolecular forces. Understanding intermolecular forces is essential in predicting the behavior of substances under different conditions. By studying the nature and strength of intermolecular forces, scientists can explain why certain substances exist as gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature and pressure. Moreover, this knowledge is crucial in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and materials science.
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