The caliphate was a key political institution in early Islamic societies from "summary" of A History of Islamic Societies by Ira M. Lapidus
The caliphate, as a political institution, played a crucial role in the early Islamic societies. It was established after the death of Prophet Muhammad to lead the Muslim community and uphold Islamic principles. The caliph was seen as a religious and political leader, responsible for maintaining law and order, resolving disputes, and promoting justice. The concept of the caliphate was based on the idea of succession from the Prophet, ensuring continuity in leadership and governance. The caliphate was not just a symbolic position but held real power over the Islamic state. The caliphs had authority to make decisions on matters of governance, economy, and foreign policy. They were expected to rule in accordance with Islamic teachings and consult with scholars and advisors to ensure the welfare of the community. The caliphs also served as military commanders, leading armies...
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