Systems can exchange energy with their surroundings from "summary" of Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics by Herbert B. Callen
When considering the interaction between a system and its surroundings, it is essential to recognize that energy can be exchanged between them. This fundamental concept underlies the study of thermodynamics and is crucial for understanding the behavior of physical systems. The ability of a system to exchange energy with its surroundings allows for changes in the system's internal energy, which in turn affects its overall state. The exchange of energy between a system and its surroundings can occur in various forms, such as heat transfer and work done on or by the system. Heat transfer involves the transfer of thermal energy between the system and its surroundings, leading to changes in temperature. Work, on the other hand, involves the transfer of mechanical energy and can result in changes in the system's volume or pressure. Both heat transfer and work play significant roles in deter...
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