The West's rise is influenced by geographic factors from "summary" of The Rise of the West by William H. McNeill
Geography has played a crucial role in shaping the rise of the West. The physical terrain of Europe, with its numerous peninsulas, islands, and navigable rivers, created a highly fragmented landscape. This fragmentation fostered competition among various political entities, leading to constant warfare and technological innovation. In contrast, the vast plains of China and the Middle East allowed for the development of expansive empires that were more centralized and stable. The presence of natural barriers, such as the Alps and the Pyrenees in Europe, provided protection and limited invasions. This allowed for the growth of diverse cultures and the exchange of ideas without the constant threat of external conquest. In contrast, the flat landscapes of China and the Middle East made them more susceptible to invasions and conquests, leading to the consolida...
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