The West's rise is influenced by geographic factors from "summary" of The Rise of the West by William H. McNeill
Geography has played a crucial role in shaping the rise of the West. The physical terrain of Europe, with its numerous peninsulas, islands, and navigable rivers, created a highly fragmented landscape. This fragmentation fostered competition among various political entities, leading to constant warfare and technological innovation. In contrast, the vast plains of China and the Middle East allowed for the development of expansive empires that were more centralized and stable. The presence of natural barriers, such as the Alps and the Pyrenees in Europe, provided protection and limited invasions. This allowed for the growth of diverse cultures and the exchange of ideas without the constant threat of external conquest. In contrast, the flat landscapes of China and the Middle East made them more susceptible to invasions and conquests, leading to the consolidation of power under centralized authority. The proximity of Europe to the Atlantic Ocean also played a significant role in its rise. The discovery of the New World and the establishment of trade routes with Asia brought immense wealth and resources to the European powers. This newfound wealth fueled the growth of industries and the development of advanced technologies, giving the West a significant advantage over other civilizations. In addition, Europe's temperate climate and fertile soil allowed for the spread of agriculture and the growth of population centers. This demographic advantage provided a steady supply of labor for industries and armies, further contributing to the West's rise. Conversely, the arid climates of China and the Middle East limited agricultural productivity and population growth, hindering their ability to compete with the West.- The geographic factors of Europe, including its fragmented terrain, natural barriers, proximity to the ocean, and favorable climate, have all played a crucial role in shaping the rise of the West. These factors have contributed to the development of a highly competitive and innovative society that has led to the eventual dominance of Western civilization.
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