Gluons mediate strong force interactions from "summary" of The Quantum Theory of Fields by Steven Weinberg,Weinberg S
The strong force is responsible for binding quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other particles. This force is transmitted by particles called gluons. Gluons are massless particles that carry the color charge of the strong force. Just as photons mediate the electromagnetic force, gluons mediate the strong force interactions between quarks. Unlike the electromagnetic force, the strong force is characterized by the property of confinement. This means that quarks are never observed as isolated particles, but are always bound together in groups called hadrons. The strong force becomes stronger as quarks move apart, which is why it is impossible to observe individual quarks in isolation. Gluons interact with quarks and each other through their color charge, which comes in three varieties - red, green, and blue. Quarks can change their color charge by emitting or absorbing gluons, allowing them to exchange color charge and interact with each other. This color charge exchange is what mediates the strong force interactions between quarks. The exchange of gluons between quarks leads to the binding of quarks into hadrons. This binding energy is responsible for the stability of protons and neutrons, which are composed of three quarks each. Without the mediation of gluons, quarks would not be able to bind together to form stable particles, and the universe as we know it would not exist. In summary, gluons mediate the strong force interactions between quarks by carrying the color charge of the strong force and allowing quarks to exchange color charge and bind together into stable particles. This fundamental interaction is crucial for understanding the structure of matter and the forces that govern the universe.
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