Nature of Universals from "summary" of The Problems of Philosophy by Bertrand Russell
The problem concerning universals is one of the most fundamental in philosophy. It is a problem that has puzzled philosophers for centuries, and one that continues to elicit a wide range of opinions and theories. At its core, the problem concerns the nature of the things we perceive in the world - are they individual entities, or are they instances of more general qualities or properties?One way of approaching this problem is through the concept of universals. Universals are general qualities or properties that are shared by multiple individuals. For example, the quality of redness is a universal that is shared by all red objects. The question then arises - what is the nature of these universals? Are they real entities that exist independently of the things that instantiate them, or are they merely concepts that we use to classify and understand the world? One popular view is that of realism, which holds that universals are real entities that exist independently of the things that instantiate them. According to this view, universals are just as real as individual objects, and they e...
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