Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states from "summary" of The Periodic Table: A Very Short Introduction by Eric R. Scerri
Transition metals are a unique group of elements that exhibit a fascinating property known as variable oxidation states. Unlike most other elements on the periodic table, transition metals are capable of existing in multiple oxidation states, meaning they can lose different numbers of electrons depending on the chemical reaction they are involved in. This ability to change oxidation states gives transition metals a remarkable degree of flexibility in forming compounds and participating in reactions. The variable oxidation states of transition metals are a direct result of their electron configurations. Transition metals have partially filled d orbitals, which allows them to easily lose electrons and transition between different oxidation states. This flexibility is what makes transition metals such important components in many biological processes, industrial applications, and everyday products. In addition to their variable oxidation states, transition metals also tend to form complex ions and compounds with a wide range of ligands. These ligands can be either neutral molecules or ions that bond to the central metal atom through coordinate covalent bonds. By forming these complex structures, transition metals are able to stabilize their different oxidation states and exhibit a diverse array of chemical behaviors. The ability of transition metals to exhibit variable oxidation states plays a crucial role in their catalytic activity. Many transition metals serve as catalysts in chemical reactions by cycling between different oxidation states and facilitating the conversion of reactants into products. This catalytic behavior is essential in industries such as pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and environmental remediation.- The concept of transition metals exhibiting variable oxidation states is a defining characteristic of this unique group of elements. Their ability to transition between different oxidation states, form complex compounds, and serve as catalysts underscores the importance of transition metals in a wide range of scientific and industrial applications.
