Rise of nonstate actors in international politics from "summary" of The Origins of Political Order by Francis Fukuyama
The rise of nonstate actors in international politics is a phenomenon that has fundamentally transformed the way in which states interact with each other on the global stage. These nonstate actors include a wide range of entities, from multinational corporations to international non-governmental organizations to terrorist groups. Unlike traditional state actors, which are bound by the constraints of national borders and governmental authority, nonstate actors operate across borders and often outside the confines of state control. One of the key drivers of the rise of nonstate actors in international politics is globalization. As the world has become increasingly interconnected through advances in technology and communication, nonstate actors have been able to leverage these connections to exert influence on a global scale. For example, multinational corporations now have the ability to move capital and goods across borders with ease, making them powerful actors in the global economy. Another factor contributing to the rise of nonstate actors is the decline of state capacity in many parts of the world. Weak or failed states are often unable to provide basic services to their citizens, creating a power vacuum that nonstate actors are quick to exploit. In some cases, nonstate actors have even stepped in to provide services that traditional states are unable or unwilling to deliver, further eroding the authority of national governments. Nonstate actors also pose a challenge to the traditional Westphalian system of state sovereignty. In the past, states were the primary actors in international relations, with the exclusive right to govern their own territories. However, as nonstate actors have gained influence and power, they have begun to challenge this traditional understanding of sovereignty. For example, international non-governmental organizations now play a key role in shaping global norms and policies, often in direct opposition to the preferences of individual states. The rise of nonstate actors in international politics has profound implications for the future of global governance. As these actors continue to grow in influence and power, traditional state-based institutions may struggle to adapt to this new reality. Finding ways to effectively engage with and regulate nonstate actors will be a critical challenge for policymakers in the coming years.
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