Emergence of modern state in early modern Europe from "summary" of The Origins of Political Order by Francis Fukuyama
The emergence of modern states in early modern Europe was a crucial development in the evolution of political order. This period saw the consolidation of power in the hands of centralized monarchies, marking a shift away from the fragmented feudal system that had characterized the Middle Ages. One key factor in the rise of modern states was the decline of feudalism, which had been the dominant social and political system in Europe for centuries. Feudalism was based on a decentralized network of relationships between lords, vassals, and serfs, with power and authority dispersed among a patchwork of local fiefdoms. As feudalism weakened, monarchs were able to assert greater control over their territories, centralizing power in the hands of the state. This process was facilitated by advancements in military technology...
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