China and India have strong states from early history from "summary" of The Origins of Political Order by Francis Fukuyama
From ancient times, China and India have been known for their powerful and centralized states. These states were not merely administrative structures, but rather institutions that possessed the ability to extract resources from their subjects and maintain order within their territories. In China, the concept of the state as an all-powerful entity dates back to the time of the Shang Dynasty, around 1600-1046 BCE. The state was seen as the ultimate authority, with the Emperor at its helm, governing through a sophisticated bureaucracy that extended its reach throughout the vast empire. Similarly, in India, strong states emerged early on, with the Mauryan Empire being one of the most prominent examples. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BCE, this empire exerted control over a large portion of the Indian subcontinent, establishing a centralized administration and implementing policies to ensure stability and unity. The state was supported by a complex system of governance, which included officials, tax collectors, and military forces that helped maintain control over the diverse population. The strength of these early states in China and India can be attributed to a variety of factors. One key aspect was the development of a strong central authority that could exercise power over a vast territory. This centralization allowed for the efficient collection of taxes, the administration of justice, and the mobilization of resources for war or public works. Additionally, both China and India developed sophisticated bureaucracies that could manage the complexities of governing large populations and diverse regions. Furthermore, the cultural and philosophical traditions of China and India also played a role in shaping the strength of their states. Confucianism in China emphasized the importance of hierarchy, order, and obedience to authority, which helped legitimize the power of the state and maintain social harmony. In India, the concept of dharma, or duty, provided a moral framework that supported the authority of the state and encouraged individuals to fulfill their responsibilities to society.- The early history of China and India demonstrates the development of strong and centralized states that were able to exert control over vast territories and diverse populations. These states were characterized by powerful central authorities, sophisticated bureaucracies, and cultural traditions that supported the legitimacy of the state. The legacy of these strong states continues to influence the political landscape of both countries to this day.
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