Quantum fluctuations led to early universe's expansion from "summary" of The Grand Design by Stephen Hawking,Leonard Mlodinow
According to the theory of quantum mechanics, particles can appear and disappear in a vacuum due to quantum fluctuations. In the case of the early universe, these fluctuations were amplified by the extreme conditions present at that time. As a result, tiny quantum fluctuations in the density of matter and energy in the early universe led to the formation of structures we see today, such as galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The key to understanding the expansion of the early universe lies in the concept of inflation. Inflation is a period of extremely rapid expansion that occurred in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang. During this period, the universe grew exponentially in size, smoothing out any irregularities and setting the stage for the formation of large-scale structures. Quantum fluctuations played a crucial role in the process of inflation. These fluctuations were responsible for the tiny non-uniformities in the density of matter and energy that eventually grew into the large-s...
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