The benefits of a bicameral legislature from "summary" of THE FEDERALIST PAPERS by ALEXANDER HAMILTON JOHN JAY JAMES MADISON
The establishment of two distinct bodies in the legislative department, each of them formed on a different principle, constitutes a double security to the people. These two bodies can be viewed as checks upon each other. By this arrangement, the benefits of reflection, as well as of variety in the modes of election, can be obtained. The first body may be considered as having more wisdom. It will be likely to consist of individuals chosen from the higher ranks of society, who will bring with them a greater extent of information and discernment. This body will also be more temperate and cautious, as they will possess a greater stake in the community. The second body, representing the mass of the people, will bring with it a larger share of the democratic spirit. It will be more susceptible to the impulses of the populace and will provide a necessary counterbalance to the aristocratic temper of the first body. This second body will act as a barrier against the schemes of ambition, more vigilant and more determined in its opposition. The two bodies will act as mutual restraints and guards upon each other. They will prevent hasty and unwise legislation, as well as protect against the encroachments of one branch upon the rights of the other. By requiring the concurrence of both bodies in the enactment of laws, the chances of oppressive measures being passed are reduced. In times of great excitement and agitation, the two bodies will serve as a check on the impetuosity of the people. They will provide a cooling effect on the passions of the moment and allow for more deliberate and reasoned decisions to be made. The bicameral legislature will thus help to ensure that the legislation passed is in the best interest of the whole community. In sum, the benefits of a bicameral legislature lie in the division of powers and the checks and balances it provides. It allows for a blending of aristocratic and democratic elements, ensuring that the government is both stable and responsive to the will of the people.
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