Evolution operates through bottomup mechanisms from "summary" of The Evolution of Everything by Matt Ridley
The idea that evolution operates through bottom-up mechanisms is a fundamental concept in understanding how complex systems emerge from simple interactions. This concept suggests that change and adaptation in biological, social, and technological systems are not directed or controlled from the top down, but instead arise from the interactions of individual agents or components. In biological evolution, for example, the diversity and complexity of life on Earth have emerged through the process of natural selection acting on the variation present in populations of organisms. This variation arises through random mutations and genetic recombination, and the selection pressures of the environment determine which traits are passed on to future generations. Over time, these small changes accumulate, leading to the emergence of new species and the adaptation of existing ones to changing conditions. Similarly, in ...
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