The explanation of the cosmological constant problem from "summary" of The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory by Brian Greene
The cosmological constant problem revolves around the mysterious energy that seemingly permeates empty space. This energy is associated with what physicists call the cosmological constant, a term introduced by Albert Einstein when he formulated his general theory of relativity. According to Einstein, the cosmological constant acts as a repulsive force that counteracts the attractive force of gravity, thereby keeping the universe static and in equilibrium. However, when it was discovered that the universe is actually expanding, the cosmological constant was deemed unnecessary and was abandoned. But recent observations of the universe's accelerated expansion have brought the cosmological constant back into the spotlight. The problem lies in the fact that the calculated value of the cosmological constant based on quantum field theory is incredibly large, much larger than what is observed in the universe. This disparity between theory and observation perplexes physicists and has led to what is known as the cosmological constant problem. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is the existence of a new form of energy, often referred to as dark energy, that pervades the universe and contributes to its accelerated expansion. However, the nature of this dark energy remains a mystery, leaving scientists with more questions than answers. Despite the challenges posed by the cosmological constant problem, physicists continue to search for a comprehensive theory that can reconcile the observed value of the cosmological constant with the predictions of quantum field theory. The quest for such a theory has led to new ideas and approaches in theoretical physics, pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the universe and the fundamental forces that govern it. As scientists grapple with the mysteries of dark energy and the cosmological constant, the pursuit of a unified theory of physics remains an ongoing and captivating endeavor.
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