Freedom is necessary for moral responsibility from "summary" of THE CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON by Immanuel Kant
In order to understand the concept that freedom is necessary for moral responsibility, we must first consider the nature of moral actions. Moral actions are those that are performed out of a sense of duty, rather than out of self-interest or desire. This sense of duty implies that we have the ability to choose between different courses of action, and that our choices are not determined by external factors. If we are to be held morally responsible for our actions, then we must have the freedom to choose between different courses of action. This freedom is necessary because without it, our actions would be determined by factors beyond our control, such as our desires or external circumstances. If our actions are determined in this way, then it would be difficult to hold us morally responsible for them, as we would not have had the ability to choose otherwise. Furthermore, if we are not free to choose between different courses of action, then it would be difficult to say that we have acted out of a sense of duty. Duty implies that we have chosen to act in a certain way because we believe it to be the right thing to do, rather than because we are compelled to do so by external factors. Without freedom, it would be impossible to say that we have acted out of duty, as our actions would be determined by factors beyond our control. In this way, freedom is necessary for moral responsibility because it is only through our free choices that we can be said to have acted out of a sense of duty. Without freedom, our actions would be determined by external factors, making it difficult to hold us morally responsible for them. Therefore, in order to be held morally responsible for our actions, we must have the freedom to choose between different courses of action.
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