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Coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to environmental changes from "summary" of The 6th Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert
Coral reefs, with their intricate structures and vibrant ecosystems, are often described as the "rainforests of the sea". However, despite their seeming resilience, they are actually quite fragile and susceptible to environmental changes. This is due to a combination of factors, including their dependence on specific environmental conditions and their slow rate of growth. One key vulnerability of coral reefs is their sensitivity to changes in water temperature. Even slight increases in temperature can cause a phenomenon known as coral bleaching, where corals expel the algae living in their tissues and turn white. This not only weakens the corals themselves, but also disrupts the entire ecosystem that relies on them for food and shelter. Another threat to coral reefs is ocean acidification, which is caused by the absorption of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This acidification can weaken the calcium carbonate structures that make up coral reefs, making them more susceptible to erosion and breakage. In addition, the changing chemistry of the water can affect the ability of corals to build their skeletons, further compromising their health and survival. Human activities, such as overfishing, pollution, and coastal development, also pose significant risks to coral reefs. Overfishing can disrupt the delicate balance of reef ecosystems by removing key species that help maintain their health and diversity. Pollution from land-based sources can introduce harmful chemicals and nutrients into the water, leading to algal blooms that smother corals and deprive them of light and oxygen. Coastal development, meanwhile, can destroy coral habitats and increase sedimentation, which can suffocate corals and block out sunlight. In light of these multiple threats, it is clear that coral reefs are facing a precarious future. Without concerted efforts to address the root causes of their decline, such as climate change and human activities, these vital ecosystems may be irreversibly damaged. The loss of coral reefs would not only be a tragedy for the countless species that depend on them for survival, but also for the millions of people who rely on them for food, income, and coastal protection.
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