Integration techniques such as trigonometric substitution can simplify integrals from "summary" of Skills in Mathematics - Integral Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced by Amit M Agarwal
Trigonometric substitution is a powerful technique that can be used to simplify integrals involving square roots, especially those in the form of $\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}$ or $\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}$. By making a suitable substitution involving trigonometric functions, we can transform these complicated expressions into more manageable trigonometric forms. This simplification allows us to apply standard trigonometric identities and formulas to evaluate the integral. The key idea behind trigonometric substitution is to express the variable $x$ in terms of a trigonometric function such as sine, cosine, or tangent. Depending on the form of the square root expression, we choose the appropriate trigonometric substitution that will help us simplify the integral. For instance, if we have $\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}$, we can let $x = a\sin{\theta}$, which transforms the expression into $a\cos{\theta}$, making it easier to integrate. Once we have made the trigonometric substitution, we can use trigonometric identities to simplify the integrand further. This typically involves expressing all terms in the integral in terms of the same trigonometric function, which allows us to combine terms and evaluate the integral more easily. By carefully manipulating the trigonometric expressions, we can often reduce the integral to a standard form that can be evaluated using basic trigonometric techniques. Trigonometric substitution is particularly useful when dealing with integrals involving square roots of quadratic expressions. These types of integrals can be challenging to evaluate using traditional methods, but trigonometric substitution provides a systematic approach to simplify and solve them. By recognizing the appropriate trigonometric substitution and applying trigonometric identities, we can transform complex integrals into simpler trigonometric forms that are easier to work with. In summary, trigonometric substitution is a valuable tool in integral calculus that can simplify integrals involving square roots. By choosing the right trigonometric substitution and using trigonometric identities effectively, we can transform complex expressions into more manageable forms, making it easier to evaluate the integral. This technique is particularly useful for handling integrals with square roots of quadratic expressions, allowing us to tackle challenging problems with confidence and precision.
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