Thermal physics thermodynamics from "summary" of PHYSICS, VOLUME 1, 5TH ED by Halliday

Thermal physics thermodynamics is a field of study that examines the behavior of energy and how it changes with temperature. It can help understand things like heat transfer, entropy, kinetic energy, equilibrium and more.

In thermal physics thermodynamics, laws are used to describe how energy moves around objects and why some physical processes happen as they do. For example, the law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed only changed form one form to another.

Often, scientists use thermodynamic diagrams to model the behavior of energy during different conditions. The charts map out energy levels, temperatures and other aspects of physical and chemical process that occur in response to changing variables such as pressure and volume.

Heat is something that refers to the movement of molecules between two substances. Heat exchange occurs within the atoms and molecules due to the differences in their temperatures, and this results in energy shifts. During this process, thermal conductivity may help measure the rate at which energy transfers from one substance to another via conduction.

Additionally, many equations in thermodynamics help predict how much energy must be put into an environment for it to reach equilibrium. Knowing these relationships also allows us to calculate how much work something needs to perform in order to maintain a certain state.

Lastly, thermophysical properties characterize the energy relations of substances. These include specific heat capacities, phase changes, vaporization, viscosity, enthalpy of fusion and boiling point - all of which will differ between various materials.