Gibbs free energy function from "summary" of Physical Chemistry by Robert G. Mortimer
The Gibbs free energy function is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that plays a central role in determining the spontaneity of a process. It is defined as the maximum amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a thermodynamic system at constant temperature and pressure. This function is denoted by the symbol G and is expressed as the sum of the enthalpy of the system (H) minus the product of the temperature (T) and the entropy of the system (S). The significance of the Gibbs free energy function lies in its ability to predict whether a process will occur spontaneously or not. If the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) for a process is negative, it means that the process is spontaneous and can occur without the input of external energy. On the other hand, if ΔG is positive, the process is non-spontaneous and will not occur under the given conditions. The relationship between Gibbs free energy and spontaneity can be understood through the second law of thermodynamics, which states that for a process to be spontaneous, the total entropy of the system and its surroundings must increase. The Gibbs free energy function takes both the enthalpy and entropy of a system into account, making it a comprehensive indicator of spontaneity. One of the key applications of the Gibbs free energy function is in determining the equilibrium conditions of a system. At equilibrium, the Gibbs free energy of the system is at a minimum, indicating that the system has reached a state of maximum stability. By calculating the change in Gibbs free energy for a reaction at different conditions, one can predict the direction in which the reaction will proceed to reach equilibrium.- The Gibbs free energy function is a powerful tool in thermodynamics that provides valuable insights into the spontaneity and equilibrium of chemical processes. It offers a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of systems under different conditions and is essential for predicting the outcomes of chemical reactions.
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