Mitosis is the process of cell division from "summary" of NCERT Exemplar Problems-Solutions BIOLOGY class 12th by Arihant Experts
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei. It is a crucial process for cell division as it ensures that each new cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material contained in the original cell. This is essential for growth, development, and repair of damaged tissues in multicellular organisms. The process of mitosis is divided into several stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase, the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into chromosomes, and the nucleoli disappear. The nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing the mitotic spindle to interact with the chromosomes. During prometaphase, the chromosomes continue to condense, and the mitotic spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. Metaphase is the stage in which the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, a plane that is equidistant from the two spindle poles. The chromosomes are then pulled apart in anaphase, with each chromatid of a chromosome moving towards opposite poles of the cell. Once the chromosomes have reached the poles, the cell enters telophase, during which the chromosomes decondense, and nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. The end result of mitosis is the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes. This process is crucial for the growth and development of organisms, as well as for the replacement of damaged or dead cells. Mitosis is also important in asexual reproduction, as it ensures that the offspring will be genetically identical to the parent cell. It is a highly regulated process, with checkpoints throughout the cell cycle to ensure that everything proceeds correctly.- Mitosis is a fundamental process in cell division that ensures the accurate distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. Through a series of well-coordinated stages, the cell is able to divide its chromosomes and other cellular components to generate two identical daughter cells. This process is essential for the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms.
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