DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms from "summary" of NCERT Exemplar Problems-Solutions BIOLOGY class 12th by Arihant Experts
The discovery that DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms was a groundbreaking moment in the field of biology. This finding revolutionized our understanding of heredity and paved the way for countless advancements in genetics. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms. It is composed of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix structure. The genetic information encoded in DNA is stored in the sequence of its four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair up in a specific manner (A with T, and G with C) to form the "rungs" of the DNA ladder. The sequence of these bases determines the genetic code, which is responsible for the vast diversity of living organisms on Earth. It dictates traits such as eye color, height, susceptibility to diseases, and much more. DNA is not only responsible for inheritance but also plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. Through processes such as transcription and translation, the genetic information in DNA is used to create proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells. Moreover, DNA replication ensures that genetic information is faithfully passed on from one generation to the next. This process is crucial for the continuity of life and the perpetuation of species.- DNA's role as the genetic material in all living organisms is central to our understanding of biology. Its structure, function, and mechanisms of inheritance have been studied extensively, leading to significant advancements in genetics and biotechnology.
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