Chemical equilibrium occurs when reaction rates are equal from "summary" of NCERT Chemistry Class 11 - [CBSE Board] by Dr. S. C. Rastogi, ,Er. Meera Goyal
Chemical equilibrium is a state where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. This means that the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time. When a reaction reaches equilibrium, it does not mean that the reaction has stopped. Rather, the forward and reverse reactions are still occurring, but at the same rate. At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products do not change because the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. This dynamic state can be represented by the equation aA + bB ⇄ cC + dD, where A and B are the reactants, and C and D are the products. The equilibrium constant (K) is a ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants, raised to the power of their respective coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. The equilibrium constant does not change with changes in concentration or pressure, as long as the temperature remains constant. If the system is disturbed by changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature, the equilibrium will shift to restore the balance. Le Chatelier's principle states that a system at equilibrium will respond to stress by shifting the equilibrium position to counteract the disturbance. Factors such as temperature, pressure, and concentration can affect the position of equilibrium. Increasing the temperature of an endothermic reaction will shift the equilibrium towards the products, while increasing the pressure of a reaction involving gases will shift the equilibrium towards the side with fewer moles of gas. In summary, chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. This dynamic state is characterized by constant concentrations of reactants and products, with the equilibrium constant defining the ratio of product to reactant concentrations. Le Chatelier's principle explains how systems at equilibrium respond to changes in conditions, while factors like temperature, pressure, and concentration can influence the position of equilibrium.
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