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Jallianwala Bagh massacre from "summary" of India's Struggle for Independence by Bipan Chandra,Mridula Mukherjee,Aditya Mukherjee,K N Panikkar,Sucheta Mahajan
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a turning point in the history of India's struggle for independence. It took place on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, when British troops under the command of General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering of unarmed Indian men, women, and children. The massacre was a response to a ban on public gatherings imposed by the British colonial authorities, in the wake of widespread protests against the arrest of Indian leaders. The Jallianwala Bagh was a walled enclosure with only one narrow entrance, making it impossible for the people inside to escape. When General Dyer's troops arrived at the scene, they blocked the exit and without any warning, began firing indiscriminately into the crowd. The firing continued for about ten minutes, until the troops ran out of ammunition. Hundreds of people were killed, and many more were injured in the massacre. The brutality of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre shocked the entire nation and sparked outrage not only in India but also around the world. It led to widespread condemnation of British rule in India and fueled the demand for independence. The massacre also exposed the true face of British imperialism and the lengths to which the colonial authorities were willing to go to suppress the Indian freedom struggle. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre had a profound impact on the course of India's struggle for independence. It galvanized the Indian people and united them in their fight against British rule. It also served as a catalyst for the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, which marked a new phase in the struggle for freedom. The massacre became a symbol of British oppression and fueled the spirit of resistance among the Indian masses. In the years following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the demand for independence grew stronger, and the Indian National Congress emerged as the leading political force in the freedom struggle. The sacrifice of those who lost their lives in the massacre became a rallying cry for the Indian people and inspired generations of freedom fighters to continue their struggle until India achieved independence in 1947.
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