Nationalism can lead to exclusion and conflict from "summary" of Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson
The idea that nationalism can give rise to exclusion and conflict is a crucial aspect of the way in which people come together to form imagined communities. Nationalism operates by creating a sense of belonging and connection among people who may never meet or interact with each other. This imagined community is built upon shared symbols, values, and narratives that bind individuals together in a common identity. However, the very act of defining who belongs to this imagined community necessarily involves excluding others. This exclusion is often based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, or language. In defining themselves as a unique and special group, nationalists must by default define others as outside of this group. This process of exclusion can lead to discrimination, marginalization, and even violence against those deemed to be outsiders. Moreover, nationalism often involves the creation of a narrative of historical continuity and unity that may be based on myths or half-truths. This narrative can be used to justify the exclusion of certain groups or to sanitize past wrongs committed in the name of the nation. In this way, nationalism can perpetuate division and conflict by reinforcing stereotypes, prejudices, and animosities between different groups. Furthermore, the very idea of a nation-state is predicated on the principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity. This can lead to conflicts over borders, resources, and political power between different nations. Nationalism can fuel these conflicts by fostering a sense of entitlement and superiority over others, as well as by mobilizing popular support for aggressive or expansionist policies. In sum, while nationalism can be a powerful force for mobilizing people and fostering a sense of unity and purpose, it also has the potential to create divisions and tensions between different groups. By emphasizing exclusion and conflict, nationalism can sow the seeds of discord and violence within and between nations. Only by recognizing and addressing these negative consequences of nationalism can we hope to build more inclusive and peaceful societies.
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