Words can have both descriptive and performative functions from "summary" of How to Do Things with Words by John Langshaw Austin,J. L. Austin
In exploring the nature of language, it becomes evident that words can serve various purposes beyond merely describing reality. While descriptive functions of language are crucial for conveying information, there exists another dimension to words that goes beyond mere description – the performative function. Performative utterances are statements that do not just describe a state of affairs but actually perform an action. For example, when a judge pronounces someone guilty, it is not merely describing the person's status; it is a performative act that carries real-world consequences. Similarly, when one says, "I promise to be there," it is not just describing an intention but committing to a future action. The key distinction between descriptive and performative utterances lies in their ability to bring about certain effects in the world. While descriptive statements aim to accurately represent reality, performative utterances seek to change reality by the very act of speaking. This idea challenges the traditional view that language is solely a tool for conveying information and highlights its capacity to shape the world. Moreover, the success of performative utterances depends on various conditions, such as the authority of the speaker, the context in which the statement is made, and the willingness of the hearer to accept the utterance as valid. For instance, a marriage ceremony requires the presence of an officiator, the consent of both parties, and adherence to certain rituals for the union to be legally binding.- We can better understand how words do not merely describe reality but actively participate in creating and shaping it. This insight opens up new possibilities for examining the role of language in social interactions, legal systems, and other realms where words have the power to bring about tangible outcomes. Ultimately, the concept of words having both descriptive and performative functions invites us to reconsider the profound impact language has on our lives beyond its informational value.
