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Geographic barriers affect societal development from "summary" of Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (20th Anniversary Edition) by Jared Diamond

Geographic barriers play a crucial role in shaping the development of societies. These barriers can include mountains, deserts, oceans, and other physical obstacles that hinder the movement of people, goods, and ideas. When societies are isolated by geographic barriers, they are less likely to interact with other groups and exchange valuable resources and technologies. As a result, they may lag behind in terms of societal development. In contrast, societies that are not hindered by geographic barriers have greater opportunities for interaction and exchange. This can lead to the spread of new ideas, technologies, and resources that can stimulate societal growth and development. For example, societies located along trade routes or near coastlines have historically been more advanced in terms of technology, agriculture, and political organization due to their increased interactions with other groups. Moreover, geographic barriers can also impact the diffusion of domesticated plants and animals, which are essential for the development of complex societies. Societies that have access to a wide variety of domesticated plants and animals are better equipped to support larger populations and develop more complex social structures. On the other hand, societies that are isolated by geographic barriers may have limited access to domesticated resources, which can hinder their development.
  1. The presence or absence of geographic barriers can significantly influence the trajectory of societal development. Societies that are isolated by such barriers may struggle to advance technologically, economically, and politically, while those that are more connected have greater opportunities for growth and prosperity. Understanding the role of geographic barriers in shaping societal development is essential for comprehending the disparities in the fates of human societies throughout history.
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Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (20th Anniversary Edition)

Jared Diamond

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