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Different types of fingerprint patterns exist in humans from "summary" of Forensic Fingerprints by Max M. Houck
Human fingerprints can be broadly classified into three main categories: arches, loops, and whorls. These categories are further subdivided into specific patterns that can be unique to each individual. Arches are characterized by ridges that enter from one side of the finger and exit on the other side, forming a smooth wave-like pattern. Loops, on the other hand, have ridges that enter from one side and exit on the same side, creating a looped pattern. Whorls are more complex patterns that consist of circular or spiral ridges. Within each category of fingerprints, there are variations that distinguish one pattern from another. For example, arches can be divided into plain arches and tented arches based on the presence of a slight spike in the center of the pattern. Loops can be categorized as radial loops or ulnar loops depending on the direction in which the loop opens. Whorls can be further classified as plain whorls, central pocket whorls, double loop whorls, and accidental whorls based on the specific characteristics of the ridges. These different types of fingerprint patterns are formed during fetal development and remain unchanged throughout a person's life. The uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints make them valuable for identification purposes in forensic investigations. By analyzing the minutiae points and ridge patterns of a fingerprint, forensic experts can match it to a known fingerprint in a database or use it to identify an unknown individual.- The variety of fingerprint patterns that exist in humans provides a rich source of information for forensic scientists and law enforcement agencies. Through careful examination and comparison of these patterns, investigators can link suspects to crime scenes, identify victims, and solve complex cases. The study of fingerprint patterns continues to evolve with advancements in technology and forensic techniques, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of fingerprint identification in criminal investigations.
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