The Big Bang theory has limitations from "summary" of Endless Universe by Paul J. Steinhardt,Neil Turok
The Big Bang theory, while successful in many respects, has limitations that prevent it from providing a complete and satisfactory explanation of the origins and evolution of the universe. One major limitation is that the theory does not account for what happened before the Big Bang itself. According to the theory, the universe emerged from a singularity – a point of infinite density and temperature – but it cannot explain how or why this singularity came into existence. In other words, the theory does not address the question of what caused the Big Bang to occur in the first place. Furthermore, the Big Bang theory is unable to explain certain observed features of the universe, such as its large-scale structure and the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background radiation. While the theory can account for the distribution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies on large scales, it struggles to explain the precise patterns of structure that we observe. Similarly, the theory cannot explain why the cosmic microwave background radiation is so uniform in all directions, with only small fluctuations in temperature. Another limitation of the Big Bang theory is its inability to account for the existence of dark matter and dark energy, which together make up the vast majority of the universe's mass-energy content. While the theory can accommodate these mysterious components by introducing ad hoc assumptions, such as the existence of hypothetical particles like WIMPs or modifications to the laws of gravity, it does not provide a compelling explanation for their origins or properties. In addition, the Big Bang theory faces challenges related to the concept of inflation, which posits that the universe underwent a period of rapid expansion in the early moments of its history. While inflation is able to explain many of the observed features of the universe, such as its large-scale homogeneity and isotropy, it also raises new questions and puzzles that are not easily resolved within the framework of the theory.- While the Big Bang theory has been remarkably successful in explaining a wide range of phenomena and making testable predictions, it is clear that the theory is not complete or fully satisfactory. As our understanding of the universe continues to evolve, it is important to remain open to new ideas and alternative explanations that may help us overcome the limitations of the Big Bang theory and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the cosmos.
