Evolution is driven by genetic changes over time from "summary" of El gen / The Gene: An Intimate History by Siddhartha Mukherjee
Genes are the fundamental units of heredity, containing the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Over time, genetic changes occur in a population, shaping the course of evolution. These changes can be caused by a variety of factors, from random mutations to environmental pressures. Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in the proteins produced by genes. Some mutations are harmful, while others may confer an advantage in a particular environment. Natural selection acts on these variations, allowing organisms with advantageous traits to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes to the next generation. As generations pass, the accumulation of genetic changes can lead to the emergence of new species. This process, known as speciation, is driven by the gradual divergence of populations as they adapt to different environments or exploit new niches. Over millions of years, these changes can result in the diversity of life forms we see today. Genetic changes are not always gradual, however. Events such as genetic drift, gene flow, and genetic bottlenecks can also influence the course of evolution. Genetic drift refers to random fluctuations in gene frequencies in a population, while gene flow involves the transfer of genes between populations. Genetic bottlenecks occur when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size, leading to a loss of genetic diversity. Despite these complexities, the underlying principle remains the same: evolution is driven by genetic changes over time. By studying the genetic basis of variation and adaptation, scientists can gain insights into the mechanisms that shape the diversity of life on Earth. Through a deeper understanding of genetics, we can unravel the intimate history of evolution and the interconnectedness of all living beings.
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