Harappan civilization flourished in the Indus Valley from "summary" of Early Indians by Tony Joseph
The Harappan civilization, one of the world's earliest urban cultures, thrived in the Indus Valley. This ancient civilization is known for its well-planned cities, advanced architecture, and sophisticated systems of drainage and sanitation. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were the largest and most prominent urban centers of this civilization, displaying a high level of organization and civic planning. The layout of these cities, with their grid-like streets and carefully constructed buildings, suggests a highly centralized authority governing the society. The people of the Harappan civilization were skilled craftsmen and traders, engaging in long-distance trade with regions as far away as Mesopotamia. Their seals, made of steatite, bear intricate designs and inscriptions that indicate a system of writing, though the language remains undeciphered to this day. The presence of these seals in various sites across the Indus Valley suggests a widespread network of trade and communication within the civilization. The economy of the Harappan civilization was primarily agrarian, with the people engaging in farming, animal husbandry, and fishing. The fertile lands of the Indus Valley provided abundant resources for agriculture, enabling the civilization to support a large population. The people also practiced craft specialization, with artisans producing a wide range of goods such as pottery, jewelry, and metalwork. The decline of the Harappan civilization remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. Some theories suggest that environmental factors, such as changing river patterns or climate shifts, may have contributed to the civilization's downfall. Others point to possible invasions or internal conflicts as causes for its decline. Despite the mysteries surrounding its end, the legacy of the Harappan civilization endures in the archaeological sites and artifacts left behind, providing valuable insights into the ancient history of the Indian subcontinent.
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