DNA evidence indicates multiple waves of migration from "summary" of Early Indians by Tony Joseph
The genetic evidence shows that the ancestors of today's South Asians arrived in the subcontinent in multiple waves. The first wave of migration occurred around 65,000 years ago when modern humans made their way out of Africa and settled in different parts of the world. These early migrants eventually reached the Indian subcontinent, where they mixed with local populations, giving rise to the first inhabitants of India. Subsequent waves of migration followed, each bringing new genetic influences to the subcontinent. Around 40,000 years ago, a second wave of migration brought people from West Asia into India. These migrants mixed with the existing population, creating a diverse genetic landscape in the region. Another wave of migration occurred around 10,000 years ago when farming communities from the Fertile Crescent made their way into the subcontinent, bringing with them new agricultural practices and genetic markers. The most significant wave of migration, however, took place around 4,000 years ago when pastoralists from the steppe regions of Central Asia entered India. These migrants, known as the Indo-Europeans, brought with them the language that would eventually evolve into Sanskrit, as well as genetic markers that are found in many present-day South Asians. The mixing of these steppe pastoralists with the local population gave rise to the Vedic culture and laid the foundations for many aspects of Indian society. The genetic evidence of multiple waves of migration challenges the traditional belief that the Indian subcontinent has been inhabited solely by indigenous populations for thousands of years. Instead, it suggests a complex and dynamic history of movement and interaction between different groups of people. By studying the genetic signatures left behind by these ancient migrants, researchers have been able to piece together a more accurate picture of India's early inhabitants and the diverse origins of its people.
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